Daffodils are the most common cause of plant poisoning in UK dogs. The bulbs are particularly dangerous.
Dogs that dig up bulbs in autumn or chew on cut flowers are most at risk; even vase water is toxic.
Daffodils contain lycorine and other phenanthridine alkaloids, plus calcium oxalate crystals. The bulbs have the highest alkaloid concentrations. Lycorine triggers severe vomiting; calcium oxalates cause mouth and gut irritation. Cardiac arrhythmias and seizures can occur with larger doses.
Sources
Toxic doses begin around 15 g of bulb per kg body weight. A single bulb can cause severe symptoms in a small dog.
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