Oleander — common across the Mediterranean — is extremely toxic in all parts.
Even small ingestions of leaves, flowers or sap can cause fatal heart arrhythmias.
Oleander contains potent cardiac glycosides (oleandrin, nerioside) similar in mechanism to foxglove's digitoxin. They inhibit cardiac Na+/K+ ATPase causing severe bradycardia, AV block and ventricular arrhythmias. The plant is so toxic that even smoke from burning oleander is dangerous.
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0.5 g of oleander leaf per kg body weight is lethal. A single leaf can kill a small dog.
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